FAQ

Multiple citizenship (or multiple nationality) is a legal status in which a person is recognized by more than one country.

Dual citizenship, also known as dual nationality, means being a citizen of two countries and simultaneously having legal rights and obligations in connection with both countries.

A Canadian citizenship certificate is a document that proves that a person is a Canadian citizen.

It can be issued to a person born in Canada, to a person born outside Canada to a Canadian parent, or to a permanent resident (a landed immigrant) who has been granted Canadian citizenship.

The citizenship certificate is a letter-sized paper document that was introduced in February 2012 and that replaces the former wallet-sized version. Citizenship certificates issued before February 1, 2012, continue to be valid. The citizenship certificate contains your family and given names, date of birth, gender, and the effective date of citizenship. The citizenship certificate is not a travel document.  Any Canadian citizen wanting to travel internationally must obtain a Canadian passport.

Jus sanguinis is a principle of nationality law by which nationality is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents.

Children at birth may be nationals of a particular state if either or both of their parents have nationality of that state.

• The Jus soli principle: Under the Jus soli principle, most children born in Canada are regarded as Canadian citizens. A birth certificate issued by a provincial or territorial government is proof of Canadian citizenship for a child born in Canada. The principle applies as long as the child is born on Canadian soil, airspace, waters, and ships or aircraft registered in Canada, regardless of the parent's nationality and status in Canada.

  However, the jus soli principle is not applied to a child born to foreign government diplomats and living in Canada; consequently, the foreign diplomat’s child born in Canada isn’t entitled to Canadian citizenship. 

  Also, under Canadian law, children born in Canada of foreign representatives do not acquire citizenship by birth.

• Naturalization: A good-standing permanent resident of Canada who meets Canadian citizenship requirements (residency, language skills, passing citizenship test, etc.) is eligible to become a Canadian citizen.
• Birthright: A person born outside Canada and one of his/her parents was a Canadian citizen at birth has a birthright to Canadian citizenship
• Adoption: Children born outside Canada and adopted by Canadian citizens are eligible for a grant of Canadian citizenship.

Canadian citizenship by descent means acquiring citizenship because one or both of your parents were Canadian citizens at the time of your birth, or if you were born outside Canada to a Canadian parent, and their Canadian parent was also born outside Canada to a Canadian parent.

This option is becoming increasingly popular, as it can be a convenient and relatively straightforward way of obtaining citizenship in a foreign country.

As of December 15, 2025, Bill C-3 removed the previous first-generation limit on citizenship by descent.

This means:

• Citizenship is no longer restricted to only one generation born abroad
• Many individuals with Canadian grandparents or great-grandparents may now be eligible
• Eligibility now depends primarily on proof of lineage, not generational distance

You may be eligible if:

• You were born outside Canada, and
• You can trace your lineage to a Canadian-born ancestor, and
• You can provide documents proving an unbroken line of descent

Each case is unique and must be assessed individually.

Yes. For children born on or after December 15, 2025:

• The Canadian parent must have lived in Canada for at least 3 years (1,095 days) before the child’s birth

If eligible, you are already a Canadian citizen by law.

However, you must apply for a Proof of Canadian Citizenship (Citizenship Certificate) to officially confirm your status.

Typically, you will need:

• Your birth certificate
• Birth certificates linking each generation
• Proof of your ancestor’s Canadian birth
• Government-issued identification

All documents must clearly show a continuous family connection.

Yes. Under the new law, eligibility is not limited by generations for individuals born before December 15, 2025..

This means:

• You may qualify even if your connection is through a
  great-grandparent (or earlier)
• The key requirement is proving your lineage, not how many generations back it goes

Processing times vary and change as IRCC updates its workload estimates.

Check the official IRCC processing-times tool for the current estimate before relying on a fixed timeframe.

Short answer: Yes — in many cases they can. But it depends mainly on when your children are born.

If your children were born BEFORE December 15, 2025

• They are very likely already Canadian citizens by law
• There is no residency requirement for you
• They simply need to apply for a Proof of Canadian Citizenship (certificate)

👉 In plain terms: they’re not “applying to become Canadian” — they’re confirming they already are.

If your children were born ON or AFTER December 15, 2025

• You (the Canadian parent) must have:
  • Lived in Canada for at least 1,095 days (3 years) before their birth
• If you meet this requirement → your children are eligible
• If not → they may need a different pathway (e.g., future residency)

No. Each person must submit an individual application, regardless of age or relationship.

However, families can prepare and submit applications simultaneously.

No. You can apply from anywhere in the world.

You can complete your entire citizenship-by-descent application without ever living in Canada.

This is a common situation, especially with older Canadian records.

You can still apply using alternative evidence

If an official birth certificate is unavailable, you may use archival or secondary documents, such as:

• Census records
• Church or baptism records
• Marriage certificates
• Death certificates (showing place of birth)
• Military or immigration records

These documents can help establish your ancestor’s identity and place of birth.

📜 Important: Certification by Provincial Archives

Where possible, you should request that the relevant provincial archives:

• Provide a certified copy of the record, or
• Issue a document confirming it as an official historical record

This significantly strengthens your application and improves acceptance by IRCC.

📄 Proof of non-availability

In addition, you may be required to obtain:

• A letter from the appropriate Vital Statistics office or Archives
• Confirming that an official birth record does not exist or cannot be found

🧬 What matters most

Your application must demonstrate:

• A clear and continuous family connection, and
• Credible proof that your ancestor was born in Canada

👍 Bottom line

Even without a birth certificate, you may still qualify — provided you submit strong supporting documentation and certified archival evidence.

• Proof of Citizenship: Confirms you are already Canadian by descent
• Grant of Citizenship: Applies to individuals who are not already citizens and must qualify through immigration pathways

No — you will not receive a passport automatically.

📄 What you receive first

After approval, you will receive a: Canadian Citizenship Certificate (Proof of Citizenship)

This document confirms that you are a Canadian citizen by law.

How to get your passport

To obtain a Canadian passport, you must submit a separate application after receiving your certificate.

For more information about applying for a Canadian passport, visit the Government of Canada passport page.

Getting started is simple.

To start your application simply sign up online through our application page and select “Canadian Citizenship by Descent”

What happens next?

Once you sign up:

• You will receive a personalized secure link to:
  • Download the required application forms
  • Upload your completed application and supporting documents
• Our team will review your eligibility
• We will guide you through the required documents
• You’ll receive step-by-step support until your application is submitted

Bottom line

We make the process simple and guide you every step of the way — from signup to submission.

We provide:

• Full eligibility assessment
• Document review and verification
• Assistance with obtaining Canadian birth records
• Complete application preparation and submission
• Ongoing support until your certificate is issued

No. Marriage to a Canadian citizen does not give you citizenship.

You must first apply for and get permanent resident status.  Then you must apply for Canadian citizenship and meet the same requirements as any other person seeking Canadian citizenship.

Under Canadian law, you can be both a Canadian citizen and a citizen of another country.

Canadian citizens don’t lose their Canadian citizenship by living outside of Canada or becoming a citizen of another country.  However, some countries won’t let you keep their citizenship if you become a Canadian citizen.

A significant advantage of Canadian dual citizenship is obtaining a Canadian Passport, one of the many countries in the world that accept dual citizenship.

Other advantages of Canadian dual citizenship include the following:

• Right to live and work in either country
• Right to own property in either country
• Having access to both the country's social programs and services, e.g., health, retirement
• Passing both citizenship to your children
• Protection of both countries when travelling internationally.
• Voting and being involved in political activities in both countries.

• In certain situations, you may be taxed in both countries. Many countries have harmonized tax systems (Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, and the EU) to prevent double taxation or tax evasion.
• They are subject to the laws of both countries, such as laws governing military service and criminal or family laws.

In the context of the U.S. Citizenship rules, dual citizenship means a person is both a U.S. citizen and a citizen of another country.

The United States Government recognizes that dual Citizenship (nationality) exists. It allows it by default but does not encourage it as a matter of policy because of the problems it may cause.  

The US government does not require naturalized US citizens to give up their citizenship in their country of origin. Although the United States Oath of Allegiance speaks of renouncing “allegiance and fidelity” to other nations, it doesn’t mean a person must renounce their other citizenship(s) to become a US Citizen.

Obtaining a Canadian citizenship certificate allows you to;

• Live, study or work in Canada without needing any permits.
• Obtain a Canadian passport;
• Obtain a driver’s license, an enhanced driver’s license, or an enhanced identity card;
• Access government services such as health care or a pension, or obtain a Social Insurance Number.

The following documents are recognized by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) as proof of citizenship.

Some government departments or agencies may not accept all the documents listed below and may require additional documents.

• Provincial or territorial birth certificates (for people born in Canada, unless you were born after February 14, 1977, and at the time of your birth, your parents were neither Canadian citizens nor permanent residents, and at least one parent had diplomatic status in Canada. If you were born in Canada before February 15, 1977, to a parent with diplomatic status, please contact us for more information on eligibility.
• Citizenship certificates (some people born outside Canada between February 15, 1977, and April 16, 1981, inclusively, to a Canadian parent who was also born outside Canada to a Canadian parent, were required to take steps before their 28th birthday in order to keep their citizenship. This is known as “retention” of one’s citizenship. If they did not take the necessary steps to retain their citizenship, it was automatically lost under the 1977 Citizenship Act. If you think this may apply to you and you need more information, please contact us.
• Naturalization certificates (issued before January 1, 1947)
• Registration of Birth Abroad certificates (issued between January 1, 1947, and February 14, 1977, inclusively)
• Certificates of retention (issued between January 1, 1947, and February 14, 1977, inclusively)

Any Canadian citizen is entitled to apply for a citizenship certificate.

Citizens born in Canada may apply for a citizenship certificate if they wish, although provincial or territorial birth certificates are frequently sufficient to prove Canadian citizenship.

If you wish to confirm your status as a Canadian citizen, update your citizenship certificate or replace a lost, destroyed, or stolen certificate, you must apply for it.

To apply for Canadian citizenship as an adult through naturalization, you must:

To apply for a Canadian citizenship certificate, you should complete the Application for a Citizenship Certificate.

To apply for Canadian citizenship as an adult through naturalization, you must:

• Be a permanent resident of Canada;
• be 18 years of age or older;
• have lived in Canada for at least 1,095 days in the five years before the date you sign your application (eligible time spent in Canada before acquiring permanent residence may count as a half-day, up to 365 days);
• have adequate knowledge of either English or French;
• have adequate knowledge of Canada and the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship;
• not be under a removal order (in other words, the Government of Canada has not ordered you to leave the country);
• not be a security risk;
• not be criminally prohibited; and
• attend a ceremony and take the oath of citizenship

If your certificate was lost, stolen, damaged, or destroyed, you should complete the application for a Lost or Damaged Citizenship Certificate.

• If you change your last name because of marriage, you don’t need to change your name on your citizenship card or certificate.
• If you legally changed your name, you should apply for a new Canadian Citizenship certificate with your new name on it. To change your name on your current citizenship certificate you should provide linking documents showing the use of both old and new names, and the basis for the change. You could provide one of the following documents:

• Provide a copy of a legal change of name document, or
• An adoption order indicating your new name,
• Marriage certificate or divorce judgment
• If residing outside Canada, a legal change of name document issued by the responsible government authority in your country of residence. The document should in French or English.

• If you are requesting a name change that is not significant (for example a slight change in spelling), you should provide a copy of one of the following documents that read exactly the same as the name you are requesting:

• a provincial health card, or
• a provincial driver’s license, or
• an official school record issued by the provincial department responsible for education, or
• if residing outside Canada, birth certificate or foreign passport or foreign national identity card.

To change your name on a Canadian citizenship certificate, you should complete the application for Correction to Citizenship Certificate.

The date of birth on your citizenship certificate should be the same as the one shown on your previous citizenship certificate if you had one, or your birth certificate or foreign passport unless:

• For former permanent residents of Canada, you have corrected your date of birth on your immigration document, or
• You have legally changed it, or
• You are requesting a different date of birth for your citizenship certificate and you can provide supporting documents.
• If you have legally changed your date of birth by a provincial/territorial court order, you should provide a copy of the provincial/territorial court order changing your date of birth  If you are residing outside Canada and you have legally changed your date of birth by court order outside Canada

To make corrections on a Canadian citizenship certificate, you should complete the application for a Correction to Citizenship Certificate.

Citizenship certificates may be issued on an urgent basis to Canadian citizens who demonstrate an urgent need to have their applications processed.

Every urgent application will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

In general, if you were born in Canada, you are a Canadian citizen.

If you were born in Canada after February 14, 1977, and at the time of your birth, your parents were not Canadian citizens or permanent residents, and at least one parent had diplomatic status in Canada, you are not a citizen.

If you were born in another country:

• In general, you are a Canadian citizen if you became a citizen through the naturalization process in Canada (i.e., you were a permanent resident [a landed immigrant] before you became a citizen).
• In general, you are a Canadian citizen if you were born outside Canada and one of your parents was a Canadian citizen at the time of your birth and if that parent was either born in Canada or naturalized in Canada (”naturalized” means that the parent was a permanent resident [a landed immigrant] before becoming a citizen). You are the first generation born outside Canada.
• You may be a Canadian citizen if you were born outside Canada between January 1, 1947, and April 16, 2009, inclusively to a Canadian parent who was also born outside Canada to a Canadian parent (you are the second or subsequent generation born outside Canada).
• If you were a British subject residing in Canada when the Canadian Citizenship Act came into force on January 1, 1947, or you were born outside Canada to a British subject parent who might have become a citizen on that date, contact us to find out how to confirm whether or not you are a citizen.

If you think that one of the situations above may apply to you and you are uncertain about your Canadian citizenship status, we encourage you to call us at 1-888-808-0455 or contact us.

A search of citizenship records can confirm if you were or were not issued a citizenship certificate.

Some individuals apply for a Search of Records to obtain a letter from CIC to use to prove to another government or organization whether or not they were issued a citizenship certificate in the past.  For example, foreign nationals who are applying to renew a foreign passport sometimes need proof that they never received a citizenship certificate.

Beginning January 1, 2007, expiry dates were included on the citizenship certificates of people born outside Canada on February 15, 1977, or after, to a Canadian parent who was also born outside Canada to a Canadian parent.

This was to serve as a reminder to these people that they were required to take steps before their 28th birthday in order to retain their citizenship.  On April 17, 2009, the Citizenship Act changed and people who had not already turned 28 by that date no longer had to take any steps to retain their citizenship.

If your citizenship certificate has an expiry date of April 17, 2009, or after, you do not have to take any steps to retain your citizenship.  You will still have Canadian citizenship even after the expiry date on your certificate.  However, your certificate is no longer valid and you should apply for a new citizenship certificate.

On February 1, 2012, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada introduced a new citizenship certificate – a letter-sized document bearing no photograph.

Like the previous plastic wallet-sized citizenship certificate (a card with a photograph), the new citizenship certificate is a legal document that will be used to determine Canadian citizenship status.  It is not a travel or identity document.

Citizenship certificates issued before February 1, 2012, remain valid.  This means that any Canadian who currently holds a citizenship certificate does not need to apply for a replacement.

To have a photocopy of a document certified, an authorized person must compare the original document to the photocopy and must print the following on the photocopy:

• “I certify that this is a true copy of the original document”,
• the name of the original document,
• the date of the certification,
• his or her name,
• his or her official position or title, and
• his or her signature.

Persons authorized to certify copies include the following:

• In Canada:
• a commissioner of oaths
• a notary public
• a justice of the peace
• Outside Canada:
• a judge
• a magistrate
• a lawyer
• a notary public
• an officer of a court of justice
• a commissioner authorized to administer oaths in the country in which the person is living

Family members may not certify copies of your documents.